25. Economic feasibility of feedlot manure utilization in cotton production: an application to the Texas High Plains.
Johnson,-J.L.; Segarra,-E.
Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America. 1997. v. 1 p. 323-326.
NAL Call Number: SB249.N6

Descriptors: feedlot-wastes. waste-utilization. economic-analysis. profitability.

26. Economics of using high-load single-frequency (HLSF) manure applications with conservation tillage.
Harman,-W.L.; Marek,-T.H.; Regier,-G.C.; Sweeten,-J.M.
PR-Tex-Agric-Exp-Sta. College Station, Tex. : The Station, 1976. Oct 1994. (5236) 9 p.
NAL Call Number: 100-T31P

Descriptors: feedlot-wastes. application-to-land. crop-production. rotations. irrigated-sites. conservation-tillage. fertilizers. microeconomic-analysis. production-costs. returns. crop-yield. application-rates. economic-thresholds. low-input-ag riculture. field-crops. great-plains-states-of-usa.

27. Economics of widespread manure application to irrigated crops: raw and composted feedlot manure in eastern Colorado.
Wang,-E.; Sparling,-E.
Am-J-altern-agric. Greenbelt, MD : Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. Fall 1995. v. 10 (4) p. 167-172.
NAL Call Number: S605.5.A43

Descriptors: irrigated-farming. agricultural-land. cattle-manure. composts. application-to-land. waste-utilization. organic-fertilizers. economic-viability. environmental-protection. linear-programming. colorado.

Abstract: We used linear programming to simulate adoption of manure disposal technologies in eastern Colorado. Manure, either raw or composted, is assumed to be applied to irrigated cropland within 20 miles of feedlots in five subregions of east ern Colorado. We constrained the application so that total N application is no more than the amount used by the crop. N, P and K contents are taken into account, but no benefits are assigned to organic matter or trace minerals and no costs are assigned to soil compaction, weed seed propagation, or inconvenience. Irrigated land within 10 miles of feedlots can easily absorb all manure generated under this scenario. Manure is found to be an economical substitute for chemical fertilizers, assuming N content t o be at least 50% that of fresh manure. Composted manure is either more or less profitable than raw manure, depending on its N content. Hauling costs are lower for compost but composting costs are between $1 and $2 per finished ton. The model does not all ow for mixed application of compost and chemical fertilizers, which would increase the value of compost significantly. A feedlot waste sector that composted all feedlot manure in eastern Colorado is predicted to create between 80 and 200 additional jobs.

28. Effect of injected liquid beef manure on soil chemical properties and corn root distribution.
Sawyer,-J.E.; Hoeft,-R.G.
J-prod-agric. [Madison, WI] : American Society of Agronomy, c1987. Jan/Mar 1990. v. 3 (1) p. 50-55.
NAL Call Number: S539.5.J68

Descriptors: zea-mays. roots. spatial-distribution. growth. liquid-manures. cattle-manure. soil-injection. band-placement. soil-chemistry. soil-air. chemical-composition.

Abstract: Concentrated bands of liquid manure resulting from knife injection may be responsible for documented corn (Zea mays L.) production problems including uneven corn growth, plant yellowing, and lack of corn roots in the manure zone. Soil injected with liquid beef manure was incubated to determine effects on soil chemical properties, soil atmosphere composition, and corn root growth and distribution in or near the manure zone. An equivalent field injection rate of 3000 gal manure/acre was introduced into a 2.5 in. diameter circular band in boxes filled with Derinda silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) soil. Corn roots did not grow in the manure zone for 26 d after manure application. Chemical transformations found within and at 1 .5 in. (from the manure center) below and beside the manure zone indicated possible toxic conditions to root growth. These included: reducing conditions, as indicated by low Eh, high moisture content, and low O2 concentration in the soil atmosphere (plus the presence of CH4) for 28 d after application; NH3 toxicity, as indicated by high concentrations of NH4-N and high pH for 21 d; and accumulation of high concentrations of NO2-N from 14 to 35 d after application. Only limited effects on soil chemical pro perties and root growth were found beyond 1.5 in. from the center of the manure zone. These results provide plausible explanations for corn growth problems associated with knife injected liquid manure.

29. Effect of restricted forage intake in confinement on estimated fecal output from a sustained release bolus.
Pinchak,-W.E.; Hutcheson,-D.P.
J-Range-Manage. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management. Mar 1992. v. 45 (2) p. 129-132.
NAL Call Number: 60.18-J82

Descriptors: steers. beef-cattle. feed-intake. forage. quality. cattle-feeding. boluses. feces-composition. excretion. chromium. estimation. sampling.

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of restricted forage intake on patterns of chromium excretion to determine sample window duration and the accuracy and precision of fecal output estimates derived from the Capte c Chrome sustained release bolus. In Experiment 1, 8 crossbred steers (mean = 243 +/- 14 kg) were assigned randomly to receive prairie hay (PH) at intake levels of either 1.12% body weight (BWT) or 0.75% BWT while maintained in individual metabolism crat es and(or) pens. In Experiment 2, steers from Experiment 1 were rerandomized and assigned to receive PH at either 1.12% BWT or alfalfa hay (AH) at 1.30% BWT. The average post-dosing bolus failure rate across experiments exceeded 30%. Estimated fecal outpu t exceeded actual fecal output under all experimental conditions (P<0.08). Averaged across experiments, fecal chromium recovery was low (mean = 55 +/- 4%). When estimated fecal output was corrected for mean marker recovery within treatment, it did not dif fer from actual fecal output (P>0.60). Treatment effects were similar for estimated fecal output, corrected estimated fecal output, and actual fecal output. Under conditions of pen feeding and restricted forage intake, estimated fecal output exhibited tre atment differences similar to those of total fecal collection. However, unless adjusted for average marker recovery, these estimates were significantly greater than actual fecal output.

30. Effect of the organic volumetric loading rate on soluble COD removal in down-flow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors.
Sanchez,-E.P.; Weiland,-P.; Travieso,-L.
Bioresour-technol. Barking, Essex, England : Elsevier Applied Science ; New York, NY : Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 1991. 1994. v. 47 (2) p. 173-176.
NAL Call Number: TD930.A32

Descriptors: piggery-effluent. beef-cattle. cattle-manure. dairy-cattle. torula. yeasts. wastes. anaerobic-digesters. chemical-oxygen-demand. models.

31. Effects of livestock wastes on small Illinois streams : Lower Kaskaskia River Basin and Upper Little Wabash River Basin : summer 1991. Hite,-Robert-L.
Illinois. Division of Water Pollution Control. Planning Section.
[Springfield, Ill.] : State of Illinois, Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Water Pollution Control, Planning Section, [1992] viii, 134 p. : ill., maps
NAL Call Number: TD811.E44-1992

Descriptors: Animal-waste-Environmental-aspects-Illinois. Feedlot-runoff-Illinois. Animal-waste-Illinois-Management. Water-Pollution-Illinois. Water-quality-management-Illinois.

32. Environmental consequences of the structure of agriculture: the case of southeastern Pennsylvania farms.
Sachs,-C.; Bowser,-T.
Global perspectives on agroecology and sustainable agricultural systems proceedings of the sixth international scientific conference of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements. Santa Cruz, CA : Agroecology Program, University of California, c1988.. p. 159-170b.
NAL Call Number: S605.5.I45-1986

Descriptors: environmental-impact. agricultural-structure. ecosystems. cattle-farming. beef-cattle. dairy-cattle. poultry-farming. production. regional-development. water-pollution. animal-manures. pollutants. nutrient-excesses. water-quality. w atersheds. pennsylvania.

33. Environmental management for the beef cattle industry: state and EPA considerations.
Sweeten,-J.
Proc-annu-conv-Am-Assoc-Bovine-Pract,-Conv. Stillwater, Okla. : The Association,. Jan 1995. (27th) p. 32-37.
NAL Call Number: SF961.A5

Descriptors: beef-cattle. environmental-management. animal-wastes. texas.

34. Environmental monitoring by feedlots.
National Animal Health Monitoring System (U.S.).
Fort Collins, Colo. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, [1995].
NAL Call Number: aTD195.A34E58--1995

Descriptors: Feedlots-Environmental-aspects-United-States-Statistics. Feedlots-Dust-control-United-States-Statistics. Water-quality-United-States-Measurement. Cattle-Manure-Handling-United-States-Statistics.