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101.    Gravity drain gutter systems.
Meyer, D. J. 

Pork industry handbook. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative
Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990].. 8 p. 
Waste Management, (PIH-95) revised Dec 1990.
Descriptor: pig-farming; pig-housing; waste-disposal; pig-manure;
sewerage-; gravity-; drainage-equipment
NAL Call No.: SF395.P62
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102.    Gravity drain gutter systems.
Meyer, D. J. 

Ext-Bull-E-Coop-Ext-Serv-Mich-State-Univ. East Lansing, Mich. :
The Service. June 1991. (1800, major rev.) 8 p. 
In subseries: Pork Industry Handbook. Waste Management.
Descriptor: pig-manure; waste-disposal; drainage-systems
NAL Call No.: 275.29-M58B
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103.    Growth of Spirulina maxima on swine waste.
Canizares, R. O.; Dominguez, A. R. 

Bioresource-Technol v.45, p.73-75. (1993).
Includes references.
Descriptor: pig-manure; aeration-; stabilizing-; waste-treatment;
spirulina-; nutrient-uptake; biomass-production
NAL Call No.: TD930.A32
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104.    Headspace analysis of malodorous compounds from swine
wastewater under aerobic treatment.
Chen, A.; Liao, P. H.; Lo, K. V. 

Bioresour-technol. Barking, Essex, England : Elsevier Applied
Science ; New York, NY : Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 1991-.
1994.  v. 49 (1) p. 83-87. 
Includes references.
Descriptor: piggery-effluent; aerobic-treatment;
waste-water-treatment; volatile-compounds; aeration-;
microbial-activities; acetic-acid; degradation-;
gas-chromatography; headspace-gas-chromatography
NAL Call No.: TD930.A32
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105.    Hog-raising county cleans up.
Cribb, D. 

Soil-Water-Conserv-U-S-Dep-Agric-Soil-Conserv-Serv v.11, p.6-7.
(1991).
Descriptor: pig-farming; animal-wastes; treatment-;
waste-water-treatment
NAL Call No.: aS622.S6
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106.    Ice effects on model manure tank walls.
Godbout, S.; Marquis, A.; Masse, D. 

Appl-eng-agric v.10, p.95-99. (1994).
Includes references.
Descriptor: pig-manure; cold-storage; tanks-; stresses-; ice-;
models-
Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the pressure
exerted by frozen manure caps on the walls   of concrete manure
tanks.  The  research is aimed at improving design criteria for
concrete manure   tanks for cold climates. Scale models were used
to determine the pressures  exerted by ice caps   resulting from
2% and 4% solids swine manures and to compare them to that
exerted by a fresh water   ice cap. For typical  Quebec
conditions, the highest mean ice pressure measured in laboratory
tests   was equivalent to 72 +/- 13 kPa from liquid manure.  The 
circumferential stress was influenced by   the liquid type but
not by the filling methods and was significantly lower for the
manure ice caps    than for water ice.  However, no significant
differences in stresses were attributable to the two   levels of
solids content of the manures.  This  implies that the stress
differences observed   between water and manure ice are mainly
due to the presence of urea which would have an effect  on   the
thermal expansion.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
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107.    Identification and biological activity of
germination-inhibiting long-chain fatty acids in animal-waste
composts.
Marambe, B.; Nagaoka, T.; Ando, T. 

Plant-Cell-Physiol. Kyoto, Japanese Society of Plant
Physiologists. June 1993. v. 34 (4) p. 605-612. 
Includes references.
Descriptor: sorghum-bicolor; seed-germination; water-uptake;
atp-; alpha-amylase-; enzyme-activity; long-chain-fatty-acids;
composts-; poultry- droppings; pig-slurry; cattle-dung;
phenolic-compounds
Abstract: Long-chain fatty acids in germination-inhibiting
animal-waste composts were identified by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry as  myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic,
and linolenic acids. These acids were found at concentrations
greater than 0.25 mg (g dry compost)-1.  The identified acids,
together with lauric acid, and five kinds of short- and
medium-chain fatty acid, were tested for their effects on the 
germination process of sorghum seeds. The authentic long-chain
fatty acids, which were dissolved in a 1 : 9 (v/v) mixture of
methanol and  distilled water at 40 mg liter-1, significantly
reduced the alpha-amylase activity, physiological water uptake,
and ATP content of the  germinating seeds during the first 24 h
of imbibition, as well as the rate of germination of seeds. Among
the tested fatty acids, myristic and  palmitic acids were the
most potent inhibitors of germination. The inhibitory effects of
long-chain fatty acids were stronger than those of the  phenolic
acids. The short- and medium-chain fatty acids did not have any
significant germination-inhibitory effects at 40 mg liter-1. The
results  indicate that the long-chain fatty acids are the
dominant inhibitors of germination in animal-waste composts, and
that the inhibition of the alpha- amylase activity in germinating
sorghum seeds is one aspect of the mode of action of these
long-chain fatty acids.
NAL Call No.: 450-P699
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108.    The impact of pollution controls on livestock--crop
producers.
Schnitkey, G. D.; Miranda, M. J. 

J-Agric-Resour-Econ v.18, p.25-36. (1993).
Includes references.
Descriptor: phosphorus-; runoff-; soil-pollution;
pollution-control; livestock-enterprises; agricultural-land;
crop-production; farmyard-manure; commercial-soil-additives;
environmental-policy; livestock-numbers; application-methods;
returns-; mathematical-models; pig-farming; maize-;
discrete-time,-continuous-space-model; commercial-fertilizers;
application-patterns
NAL Call No.: HD1750.W4
************************************************************
109.    Improved utilisation of slurry nitrogen for arable
cropping.
Smith, K. A.; Chambers, B. J. 

Asp-appl-biol p.127-134. (1992).
In the series analytic: Nitrate and farming systems / edited by
J.R. Archer, K.W.T. Goulding, S.C. Jarvis, C.M. Knott, I. Lord,
S.E.  Ogilvy, J. Orson, K.A. Smith, and B. Wilson.
Descriptor: pig-slurry; cattle-slurry; application-date; spring-;
nitrogen-; nutrient-uptake; cereals-; top-dressings; ammonia-;
volatilization-; england-
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76
************************************************************
110.    In situ inactivation of animal viruses and a coliphage
in nonaerated liquid and semiliquid animal wastes.
Pesaro, F.; Sorg, I.; Metzler, A. 

Appl-environ-microbiol v.61, p.92-97. (1995).
Includes references.
Descriptor: bacteriophages-; bovine-parvovirus;
encephalomyocarditis-virus; bovine-herpesvirus; rotavirus-;
bovine-adenovirus; inactivation-; cattle- slurry; cattle-manure;
pig-manure; liquid-manures; risk-; application-to-land;
coliphage-f2; bovine-rotaviurs; bovine-rotavirus
Abstract: The persistence of five animal viruses, representing
picorna-, rota-, parvo-, adeno-, and herpesviruses, and the
coliphage f2 was  determined in the field by exposing the viruses
to different animal wastes and by adopting an established filter
sandwich technique. This  technique allows us to copy the natural
state of viruses in the environment, where adsorption onto or
incorporation into suspended solids may  prolong virus survival.
Using filter sandwiches either equipped with porous (15 nm in
diameter) or poreless polycarbonate (PC) membranes, it  was
possible to differentiate between overall virus inactivation and
the effect of virucidal agents that act through poreless PC
membranes.  Depending on ambient temperature, pH, and type of
animal waste, values for time, in days, required for a 90%
reduction of virus titer varied  widely, ranging from less than 1
week for herpesvirus to more than 6 months for rotavirus. Virus
inactivation progressed substantially faster in  liquid cattle
manure, a mixture of urine and water (pH > 8.0), than in
semiliquid wastes that consisted of mixtures of feces, urine,
water, and  bedding materials (pH < 8.0). Hitherto unidentified
virucidal agents that permeate poreless PC membranes contributed
substantially to the  overall inactivation. On the other hand,
substances that protect rotavirus and possibly other viruses from
inactivation may be present in animal  wastes. Together, the
study showed that viruses contained in manure may persist for
prolonged periods of time if stored under nonaerated  conditions.
At times of land application, this may lead to environmental
contamination with pathogens.
NAL Call No.: 448.3-Ap5
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111.    Inactivation of poliovirus type 1 in mixed human and
swine waste and by bacteria from swine manure.
Deng, M. Y.; Cliver, D. O. 

Appl-Environ-Microbiol v.58, p.2016-2021. (1992).
Includes references.
Descriptor: pig-slurry; septic-tank-effluent; polioviruses-;
inactivation-; bacteria-; antiviral-properties; temperature-;
field-experimentation; laboratory- tests; enzymes-
Abstract: The persistence of poliovirus type 1 (PO1) in mixed
septic tank effluent and swine manure slurry was determined, and
the antiviral effects  of several bacterial cultures isolated
from swine manure slurry were demonstrated. In two field
experiments, PO1 was consistently inactivated  more rapidly in
the mixed waste than in the control Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered
saline (D-PBS). D values (time [in days] for a 90%  reduction of
virus titer) were 18.7 and 29.9 for the mixed waste and 56.5 and
51.8 for the D-PBS control, respectively. The virus inactivation
in  the mixed waste was temperature dependent. A comparison of
PO1 inactivation in raw mixed waste, autoclaved mixed waste, and
bacterium- free filtrate of raw mixed waste at the same pH and
temperatures provided an initial demonstration that the virus
inactivation in the mixed waste  is related, at least in part, to
microbial activity. At 25 degrees C, the D value was 6.8 for the
mixed waste, 11.2 for the autoclaved mixed waste,  and 10.5 for
the bacterium-free filtrate of raw mixed waste. At 37 degrees C,
D values were 1.3, 3.9, and 3.1 for these three suspending media, 
respectively. Three bacterial isolates which had shown antiviral
effects in a screening test each caused virus inactivation in
autoclaved mixed  waste, in which the effect of other
microorganisms was excluded. Inhibition of PO1 inactivation by
protease inhibitors suggests that the virus  inactivation in the
mixed waste was due in part to proteolytic enzymes produced by
bacteria in the waste.
NAL Call No.: 448.3-AP5
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112.    The influence of pig slurry fertilisation on the mineral
content of horticultural crops grown in calcareous soils.
Bernal, M. P.; Roig, A. 

J-sci-food-agric v.62, p.129-135. (1993).
Includes references.
Descriptor: pig-slurry; capsicum-annuum; lactuca-sativa;
lycopersicon-esculentum; mineral-content; calcareous-soils
Abstract: The influence of pig slurry applications on the
nutrient composition of three horticultural crops (pepper, tomato
and lettuce) grown on two  calcareous soils under irrigated
conditions was studied. The optimum dose of pig slurry for
nitrogen nutrition of the crops was found to be 100  m3 ha-1 and
was independent of the number of previous applications. Soil
characteristics had a great influence on the amount of phosphorus 
taken up by the plants. This is due to the large amount of
phosphorus added in the slurry which remained in the soil in a
plant-available form.  As the number of applications increased,
the amount of slurry required to satisfy the phosphorus
requirement of the crops decreased. Amounts  of slurry within
100-150 m3 ha-1 were required for adequate potassium plant
nutrition. However, soil characteristics, particularly the amount
of  clay and thus its exchange capacity, had a significant
influence on the plant potassium uptake.
NAL Call No.: 382-So12
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113.    Influence of population densities on growth and
reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia andrei on pig manure.
Reeh, U. 

Soil-Biol-Biochem v.24, p.1327-1331. (1992).
In the special issue ISEE 4. Proceedings of the "4th
International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology", June 11-15, 1990,
Avignon,  France / edited by A. Kretzschmar.
Descriptor: eisenia-; earthworms-; population-density;
pig-manure; ingestion-; growth-; size-; biomass-; reproduction-;
intraspecific-competition; population-dynamics
Abstract: The development of groups of 3, 6 or 12 individuals of
the earthworm Eisenia andrei fed with fresh solid pig manure was
studied in 1 litre  vol. The resulting populations were described
in numbers and biomasses by cocoon production, different size
classes and fertility stage during a  period of 230 days. The
total number of clitellate worms and cocoon production reached
their summit after ca 175 days, with worms from the  F1
generation becoming clitellate for a period of <60 days, which is
a very short period compared to a clitellate period of at least
150 days for  the parental generation. Cocoon production and net
recruitment had nearly ceased at the end of the period. The group
of 12 individuals initially  showed a more restrained development
than the smaller groups as the F1 generation peak was much more
pronounced than the F2 generation  peak was. The growth of the
total number of worms in the largest group was evolving lineary,
while the less dense groups were growing more  unrestrained,
sigmoidally. All of the monitored groups of worms in the limited
volume seemed to approach a high constant density with a 
homogeneous population composed of nonfertile worms > 100 mg,
originating from both smaller slow-growing worms and degenerating 
clitellate worms. The relative growth was related to time in an
exponential decreasing way and the conversion ratio was
decreasing from 10 to  4% during the growth period. At the peak
of the first generation the worms were ingesting about their own
weight every day, but soon they were  only ingesting their own
weight once every week.
NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
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114.    The influence of surface and sub-surface application
methods for pig slurry on herbage yields and nitrogen recovery.
Rees, Y. J.; Pain, B. F.; Phillips, V. R.; Misselbrook, T. H. 

Grass-forage-sci v.48, p.38-44. (1993).
Includes references.
Descriptor: grasslands-; pig-slurry; application-to-land;
soil-injection; subsurface-application; application-methods;
nitrogen-cycle; recovery-; crop- yield; herbage-;
organic-amendments; organic-fertilizers; nitrogen-fertilizers;
uk-; soil-surface-application
NAL Call No.: 60.19-B773
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