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50.  Decolourisation of a pigment plant effluent by Pycnoporus
cinnabarinus in a packed-bed bioreactor.
Schliephake, K.; Lonergan, G. T.; Jones, C. L.; Mainwaring, D. E. 

Biotechnol-lett v.15, p.1185-1188. (1993).
Includes references.
Descriptor: pycnoporus-; pigments-; factory-effluents;
biological-treatment; decolorization-; white-rot-fungi
Abstract: The decolourisation of wastewater from a pigment plant
by the white-rot fungus Pycnoporus   cinnabarinus was studied in
a packed-bed  bioreactor. Decolourisation was first observed 48
to 72 h   after inoculation and was followed using UV/VIS
spectrophotometry. An assessment  of the inhibitory   properties
of the effluent on the growth of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus showed
that this fungus can   tolerate high levels of  potentially toxic
waste.
NAL Call No.: QR53.B56
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51.  Degradation of Giardia lamblia cysts in mixed human and
swine wastes.
Deng, M. Y.; Cliver, D. O. 

Appl-Environ-Microbiol v.58, p.2368-2374. (1992).
Includes references.
Descriptor: septic-tank-effluent; animal-manures; slurries-;
giardia-lamblia; cysts-; persistence-; degradation-; viability-
Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the persistence
of Giardia lamblia cysts in mixed septic tank effluent and swine
manure slurry and  to correlate fluorescein diacetate-propidium
iodide staining of G. lamblia cysts with their morphology under
low-voltage scanning electron  microscopy. Under field
conditions, G. lamblia cysts were degraded more rapidly in the
mixed waste than in the control Dulbecco's phosphate- buffered
saline (PBS). For total and viable cysts, the mixed waste had D
values (time for a 90% reduction in number of cysts) of 18.3 and
15.5  days, and the Dulbecco's PBS control had D values of 41.6
and 26.8 days. The rates of cyst degradation in septic tank
effluent and in  Dulbecco's PBS were similar. Increasing the
proportion of swine manure slurry in the mixed waste favored
degradation of the parasite. These  results indicate that the
mixed waste treatment was the predominant factor affecting the
cyst persistence and that it was swine manure slurry that  played
the role of degrading the parasite. Visualization of viable and
nonviable Giardia cysts with low-voltage scanning electron
microscopy  revealed an excellent correlation between the
viability of the cysts determined by fluorescein
diacetate-propidium iodide staining and their  electron
microscopic morphology.
NAL Call No.: 448.3-AP5
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52.  Detection of hepatitis A virus in environmental samples by
antigen-capture PCR.
Deng, M. Y.; Day, S. P.; Cliver, D. O. 

Appl-environ-microbiol v.60, p.1927-1933. (1994).
Includes references.
Descriptor: hepatitis-a-virus; polymerase-chain-reaction;
immunological-techniques; detection-; oysters-; clams-;
ostreidae-; pig-slurry; cattle-slurry; food-contamination;
microbial-contamination
Abstract: The efficacy of the antigen-capture PCR (AC-PCR) method
for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in environmental
samples was  demonstrated. HAV was captured from a seeded liquid
waste or a shellfish sample with homologous antibody and then
heat denatured and  subjected to reverse transcription and the
PCR, all in the same tube. Subsequently, the AC-PCR products were
analyzed by oligonucleotide  probe hybridization in solution,
agarose gel electrophoresis, and autoradiography. The AC-PCR
detected as little as 0.053 PFU of cell culture- adapted HAV
strain HM175/18f. The results of cDNA-RNA hybridization indicated
that the particle/ PFU ratio of this virus strain is 
approximately 79:1. Therefore, the detection limit of the AC-PCR
was estimated to be four virus particles. No amplified products
were  observed when poliovirus 1, coxsackievirus A9,
coxsackievirus B3, echovirus 6, reovirus 1, adenovirus type 40,
human rotavirus type 1, and  bovine enterovirus type 2 were
tested, confirming the specificity of the assay. There were no
differences between the nucleotide sequences of  AC-PCR products
of HAV strain HM175/18f and the sequences of wild-type HAV strain
HM175 derived from molecularly cloned cDNA. Of  121 waste and
shellfish samples tested by both plaque assays (PA) in cell
cultures and the AC-PCR, 81 (67%) were positive and 31 (26%) were 
negative as determined by both methods, whereas 9 (7%) were
positive as determined by the AC-PCR and negative as determined
by the PA,  and none were positive as determined by the PA and
negative as determined by the AC-PCR.
NAL Call No.: 448.3-Ap5
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