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107.    Identification and biological activity of
germination-inhibiting long-chain fatty acids in animal-waste
composts.
Marambe, B.; Nagaoka, T.; Ando, T. 

Plant-Cell-Physiol. Kyoto, Japanese Society of Plant
Physiologists. June 1993. v. 34 (4) p. 605-612. 
Includes references.
Descriptor: sorghum-bicolor; seed-germination; water-uptake;
atp-; alpha-amylase-; enzyme-activity; long-chain-fatty-acids;
composts-; poultry- droppings; pig-slurry; cattle-dung;
phenolic-compounds
Abstract: Long-chain fatty acids in germination-inhibiting
animal-waste composts were identified by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry as  myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic,
and linolenic acids. These acids were found at concentrations
greater than 0.25 mg (g dry compost)-1.  The identified acids,
together with lauric acid, and five kinds of short- and
medium-chain fatty acid, were tested for their effects on the 
germination process of sorghum seeds. The authentic long-chain
fatty acids, which were dissolved in a 1 : 9 (v/v) mixture of
methanol and  distilled water at 40 mg liter-1, significantly
reduced the alpha-amylase activity, physiological water uptake,
and ATP content of the  germinating seeds during the first 24 h
of imbibition, as well as the rate of germination of seeds. Among
the tested fatty acids, myristic and  palmitic acids were the
most potent inhibitors of germination. The inhibitory effects of
long-chain fatty acids were stronger than those of the  phenolic
acids. The short- and medium-chain fatty acids did not have any
significant germination-inhibitory effects at 40 mg liter-1. The
results  indicate that the long-chain fatty acids are the
dominant inhibitors of germination in animal-waste composts, and
that the inhibition of the alpha- amylase activity in germinating
sorghum seeds is one aspect of the mode of action of these
long-chain fatty acids.
NAL Call No.: 450-P699
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108.    The impact of pollution controls on livestock--crop
producers.
Schnitkey, G. D.; Miranda, M. J. 

J-Agric-Resour-Econ v.18, p.25-36. (1993).
Includes references.
Descriptor: phosphorus-; runoff-; soil-pollution;
pollution-control; livestock-enterprises; agricultural-land;
crop-production; farmyard-manure; commercial-soil-additives;
environmental-policy; livestock-numbers; application-methods;
returns-; mathematical-models; pig-farming; maize-;
discrete-time,-continuous-space-model; commercial-fertilizers;
application-patterns
NAL Call No.: HD1750.W4
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109.    Improved utilisation of slurry nitrogen for arable
cropping.
Smith, K. A.; Chambers, B. J. 

Asp-appl-biol p.127-134. (1992).
In the series analytic: Nitrate and farming systems / edited by
J.R. Archer, K.W.T. Goulding, S.C. Jarvis, C.M. Knott, I. Lord,
S.E.  Ogilvy, J. Orson, K.A. Smith, and B. Wilson.
Descriptor: pig-slurry; cattle-slurry; application-date; spring-;
nitrogen-; nutrient-uptake; cereals-; top-dressings; ammonia-;
volatilization-; england-
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76
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110.    In situ inactivation of animal viruses and a coliphage
in nonaerated liquid and semiliquid animal wastes.
Pesaro, F.; Sorg, I.; Metzler, A. 

Appl-environ-microbiol v.61, p.92-97. (1995).
Includes references.
Descriptor: bacteriophages-; bovine-parvovirus;
encephalomyocarditis-virus; bovine-herpesvirus; rotavirus-;
bovine-adenovirus; inactivation-; cattle- slurry; cattle-manure;
pig-manure; liquid-manures; risk-; application-to-land;
coliphage-f2; bovine-rotaviurs; bovine-rotavirus
Abstract: The persistence of five animal viruses, representing
picorna-, rota-, parvo-, adeno-, and herpesviruses, and the
coliphage f2 was  determined in the field by exposing the viruses
to different animal wastes and by adopting an established filter
sandwich technique. This  technique allows us to copy the natural
state of viruses in the environment, where adsorption onto or
incorporation into suspended solids may  prolong virus survival.
Using filter sandwiches either equipped with porous (15 nm in
diameter) or poreless polycarbonate (PC) membranes, it  was
possible to differentiate between overall virus inactivation and
the effect of virucidal agents that act through poreless PC
membranes.  Depending on ambient temperature, pH, and type of
animal waste, values for time, in days, required for a 90%
reduction of virus titer varied  widely, ranging from less than 1
week for herpesvirus to more than 6 months for rotavirus. Virus
inactivation progressed substantially faster in  liquid cattle
manure, a mixture of urine and water (pH > 8.0), than in
semiliquid wastes that consisted of mixtures of feces, urine,
water, and  bedding materials (pH < 8.0). Hitherto unidentified
virucidal agents that permeate poreless PC membranes contributed
substantially to the  overall inactivation. On the other hand,
substances that protect rotavirus and possibly other viruses from
inactivation may be present in animal  wastes. Together, the
study showed that viruses contained in manure may persist for
prolonged periods of time if stored under nonaerated  conditions.
At times of land application, this may lead to environmental
contamination with pathogens.
NAL Call No.: 448.3-Ap5
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111.    Inactivation of poliovirus type 1 in mixed human and
swine waste and by bacteria from swine manure.
Deng, M. Y.; Cliver, D. O. 

Appl-Environ-Microbiol v.58, p.2016-2021. (1992).
Includes references.